Multivariate statistical analysis of the essential oils of five Beilschmiedia species from Peninsular Malaysia / Análisis estadístico multivariado de los aceites esenciales de especies de Beilschmiedia de Malasia peninsular

Identification of the chemical compositionof essential oils is very important for ensuring the quality of finished herbal products. The objective of the study was to analyze the chemical components present in the essential oils of five Beilschmiediaspecies (i.e. B. kunstleri, B. maingayi, B. penangiana, B. madang, and B. glabra) by multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) methods. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 108 chemical components were successfully identified from the essential oils of five Beilschmiediaspecies. The essential oils were characterized by high proportions of ß-caryophyllene (B.kunstleri), δ-cadinene (B. penangianaand B. madang), and ß-eudesmol (B. maingayiand B. glabra). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that chemical similarity was highest for all samples, except for B. madang. The multivariate data analysis may be used for the identification and characterization of essential oils from different Beilschmiediaspecies that are to be used as raw materials of traditional herbal products.

La identificación de la composición química de los aceites esenciales es muy importante para garantizar la calidad de los productos herbales terminados. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los componentes químicos presentes en los aceites esenciales de cinco especies de Beilschmiedia (B. kunstleri, B. maingayi, B. penangiana, B. madangy B. glabra) mediante análisis de datos multivariados utilizando los métodos de análisis de componente principal (PCA) y análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico (HCA). Los aceites esenciales se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación y se caracterizaron completamente por cromatografía de gases (GC) y cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Se identificaron con éxito un total de 108 componentes químicos a partir de los aceites esenciales de las cinco especies de Beilschmiedia. Los aceites esenciales se caracterizaron por altas proporciones de ß-cariofileno (B. kunstleri), δ-cadineno (B. penangianay B. madang) y ß-eudesmol (B. maingayiy B. glabra). El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y el análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos (HCA) revelaron que la similitud química fue más alta para todas las muestras, excepto para B. madang. El análisis de datos multivariados puede usarse para la identificación y caracterización de aceites esenciales de diferentes especies de Beilschmiedia que se utilizan como materias primas de productos herbales tradicionales.

Ocotea (Lauraceae) Amazonian essential oils chemical composition and their tyrosinase inhibition to use in cosmetics / Ocotea (Lauraceae) composición química de aceites esenciales amazónicos y su inhibición de la tirosinasa para usar en cosméticos

This study presents analyses on the chemistry, biology, pharmacology and chromatography of essential oils extracted from three species of the Ocotea genus: O. minor, O. ceanothifolia and O. leucoxylon. Leaves and stems, as well as the bark of O. minor, were processed using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Seven essential oils were obtained and analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS, and their chemical compositions were determined. Assays of cytotoxicity, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, as well as tyrosinase and elastase inhibition were performed. In total, 25 constituents were identified, the principal being sesquiterpenes, such as spathulenol caryophyllene and its oxide. The oils did not present cytotoxicity using a hemolytic model, but also did not show antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. Essential oil from stems of O. ceanothifolia, rich in spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide, demonstrated the capacity to inhibit 49.08% of tyrosinase activity at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. This research contributes to the chemical profile analysis of the three species of Ocoteathrough chemical investigations and biological activity, which are reported for the first time here in this study.

Este trabajo realiza un estudio químico, biológico, farmacológico y cromatográfico de aceites esenciales extraídos de tres especies del género Ocotea: O. minor, O. ceanothifoliay O. leucoxylon. Las hojas y tallos, así como la corteza de O. minor, se procesaron utilizando un aparato Clevenger modificado. Se obtuvieron siete aceites esenciales y se analizaron usando GC-FID y GC-MS, y se determinaron sus composiciones químicas. Se realizaron ensayos de citotoxicidad, actividad antioxidante y de atrapamiento de radicales libres, así como inhibición de tirosinasa y elastasa. En total, se identificaron 25 componentes, siendo los principales sesquiterpenos, como el spathulenol cariofileno y su óxido. Los aceites no presentaron citotoxicidad en un modelo hemolítico y tampoco mostraron actividad antioxidante en el ensayo con DPPH. El aceite esencial de tallos de O. ceanothifolia, rico en espatulenol y óxido de cariofileno, mostró capacidad para inhibir el 49.08% de la actividad de tirosinasa a una concentración de 100 µg/mL. Esta investigación contribuye al análisis del perfil químico de las tres especies de Ocotea a través de investigaciones químicas y actividad biológica la cual se informan por primera vez.

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm: review on phytochemistry and biological activities / Lindera agreggata (Sims) Kosterm: revisión de su fitoquímica y actividades biológicas

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Most Lindera plants, particularly Lindera aggregata is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has important medicinal value and health benefits. Contemporary chemical and pharmacological studies have shown that L. aggregata are a source of structurally diverse molecules having pharmacological potential. In an effort to promote research on L. aggregata and develop therapeutic and pharmacological products, this review describes the structural diversity of its components and pharmacological and biological significance of L. aggregata. This review is based on a literature analysis of scientific journals from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Thus, with the growing interest in traditional medicine and botanical drugs worldwide, L. aggregata will increasingly capture chemists' and pharmacologists' attention because they produce diverse and structurally novel compounds having pharmacological significance.

El género Lindera consta de aproximadamente 100 especies que están ampliamente distribuidas en áreas tropicales y subtropicales en todo el mundo. La mayoría de las plantas de Lindera, particularmente Lindera aggregata, es parte conocida de la medicina tradicional china con un importante valor medicinal y beneficios para la salud. Estudios químicos y farmacológicos contemporáneos han demostrado que L. aggregata es una fuente de moléculas estructuralmente diversas que con potencial farmacológico. En un esfuerzo por promover la investigación sobre L. aggregata y desarrollar productos terapéuticos y farmacológicos, esta revisión describe la diversidad estructural de sus componentes y la importancia farmacológica y biológica de L. aggregata. Esta revisión se basa en un análisis de literatura de revistas científicas de fuentes electrónicas, como Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus y Web of Science. Por lo tanto, con el creciente interés en la medicina tradicional y las drogas botánicas en todo el mundo, L. aggregata captará cada vez más la atención de los químicos y farmacólogos debido a que producen compuestos diversos y estructuralmente novedosos que tienen importancia farmacológica.

Actividad repelente del aceite esencial de Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Monimiaceae) en Triatoma infestans (Klug)(Reduviidae) / Repellent activity of the essential oil from Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Monimiaceae) on Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Reduviidae)

Triatoma infestans (Klug) es el vector principal de la enfermedad de Chagas en Bolivia y los países vecinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la composición química del AE del laurel chileno, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Monimiaceae) y evaluar su efecto repelente en ninfas del quinto estadio de T. infestans. La AE de L. sempervirens se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y se analizó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). Sus componentes principales fueron cis-isosafrol (89.8%), ß-terpineno (3.9%), trans-ocimeno (2.7%) y metileugenol (2.2%). La repelencia se evaluó en un círculo de papel de filtro dividido en dos zonas iguales que se impregnaron con sustancias de prueba [AE o N,N-dietil-3-metilbenzamida (DEET) como control positivo] y acetona como control en blanco, respectivamente. Se analizaron varias concentraciones de sustancias de prueba entre 4.125 y 132 µg/cm2. El AE de L. sempervirens produjo una repelencia significativa a concentraciones iguales o superiores a 66.0 µg/cm2, mientras que DEET repelió a partir de 16.5 µg/cm2. Futuros trabajos serán orientados al estudio de las propiedades repelentes de cis-isosafrol solo y mezclado con ß-terpineno, trans-ocimeno y metileugenol en T. infestans.

Triatoma infestans (Klug) is the principal vector of Chagas disease in Bolivia and neighboring countries. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the EO of the Chilean laurel, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Monimiaceae) and to evaluate its repellent effect on fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans. The EO from L. sempervirens was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their main components were cis-isosafrole (89.8%), ß-terpinene (3.9%), trans-ocimene (2.7%) and methyleugenol (2.2%). Repellency was evaluated on a circle of filter paper divided into two equal zones which were impregnated with test substances [EO or N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as positive control] and acetone as blank control, respectively. Several concentrations of test substances between 4.125 and 132 µg/cm2 were tested. The EO from L. sempervirens produced significant repellency at concentrations equal or above 66.0 µg/cm2, while DEET repelled starting at 16.5 µg/cm2. Future works will be oriented to the study of repellent properties of cis-isosafrole alone and mixed with ß-terpinene, trans-ocimene and methyleugenol on T. infestans.

Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of Ocotea notata (Lauraceae), an endemic species from Brazil, against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus / Composición química y actividad acaricida de Ocotea notata (Lauraceae), una especie endémica de Brasil, contra la garrapata del ganado Rhipicephalus microplus

Rhipicephalus microplus, is one parasites that cause severe productivity losses in the cattle industry of Brazil and shows increasing resistance to conventional pesticides. This research aims to study the chemical composition, and acaricidal activity of the essential oil from Ocotea notata leaves, a brazilian endemic species, against R. microplus. The effect on R. microplus engorged adult females was evaluated using the immersion test. The oil reduced the survival by 90% after incubation for 15 days and there was 100% reduction for posture inhibition and reproductive capacity. These results suggest that the O. notata essential oil has activity on the R. microplus.

Rhipicephalus microplus, es un parásito que causa graves pérdidas de productividad en la industria ganadera de Brasil y muestra una creciente resistencia a los pesticidas convencionales. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la composición química y la actividad acaricida del aceite esencial de las hojas de Ocotea notata, una especie endémica brasileña, contra R. microplus. El efecto sobre las hembras adultas engordadas de R. microplus se evaluó mediante la prueba de inmersión. El aceite redujo la supervivencia en 90% después de la incubación durante 15 días y hubo una reducción del 100% para la inhibición de la postura y la capacidad reproductiva. Estos resultados sugieren que el aceite esencial de O. notata tiene actividad contra R. microplus.

Estudos farmacológicos de novos compostos semissintéticos com potencial terapêutico na doença de chagas / Pharmacological studies of new semi-synthetic compounds with therapeutic potential in Chagas disease

A doença de Chagas afeta mais de 8 milhões de pessoas nos países em desenvolvimento, e dispõe de uma terapia ultrapassada e altamente tóxica. Considerando o Brasil uma das maiores biodiversidades do mundo, compostos de sua flora podem contribuir como novos protótipos farmacêuticos. Neolignanas, isoladas da planta Nectandra leucantha, apresentaram previamente atividade anti-Trypanosoma cruzi e neste trabalho, serviram como base para a semissíntese de uma série de 24 análogos. Estudos in vitro demonstratram que 19 compostos não apresentaram citotoxicidade em células de mamífero até 200 µM. Seis compostos apresentaram atividade contra as formas tripomastigotas (CE50 8 a 76 µM) e 8 compostos contra os amastigotas intracelulares (CE50 7 a 16 µM). Estudos da relação estrutura-atividade biológica (SAR), demonstraram que a presença de pelo menos uma cadeia lateral alílica era importante para a atividade anti-T. cruzi e que o grupo fenol não era essencial. O composto 8 foi eficaz contra as duas formas do parasita e eliminou 100% das formas amastigotas no interior dos macrófagos, sendo escolhido para estudos de mecanismo de ação. O composto 8 afetou rapidamente a mitocôndria do T. cruzi,...(AU)

Chagas disease affects more than 8 million people in developing countries and the available therapy is old and highly toxic. Considering Brazil one of the biggest biodiversity in the world, compounds from the flora can contribute as new pharmaceutical prototypes. Neolignans, isolated from the plant Nectandra leucantha, previously showed anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity and served as the basis for the semi-synthesis of a series of 24 analogues. In vitro studies demonstrated that 19 compounds caused no cytotoxicity in mammalian cells up to 200 µM. Six compounds showed activity against trypomastigote forms (IC50 8 to 76 µM) and 8 compounds against intracellular amastigotes (IC50 7 to 16 µM). Studies of the structure activity relationships (SAR) showed that the presence of at least one allylic side chain was important for anti-T. cruzi activity and that the phenol group was not essential. Compound 8 was chosen for mechanism of action studies as it was effective against both forms of the parasite and eliminated 100% of the intracellular amastigotes. Compound 8 rapidly affected the mitochondria of T. cruzi, causing an intense depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, with decreasing levels of reactive oxygen species...(AU)

Chemical composition, antioxidant and biological activity of Ocotea bicolor Vattimo-Gil (LAURACEAE) essential oil

ABSTRACT The essential oil composition of the Ocotea bicolor, native plant of Brazil, was studied for the first time. The essential oil of the leaf was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The analytical procedure revealed a predominance of sesquiterpenes, δ-cadinene (7.39%), ß-sesquiphellandrene (6.67%), ß-elemene (5.41%) and α-cadinol (5,23%). The essential oil was submitted to brine shrimp toxicity evaluation, antioxidant and antibacterial tests. The antioxidant activity by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex method presented positive results. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were higher than 1000 µg/mL for the microorganisms tested. Toxicity activity revealed LC50 results of 40.10 (µg/mL), being toxic to the organisms in this study

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the leaves of ocotea caudata (nees) mez (lauraceae) from Colombia / Composición química y actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de las hojas de ocotea caudata (nees) mez(lauraceae) de Colombia

Ocotea is a genus that belong to Lauraceae family, which has about 56 species, distributed in Asia, Africa and mainly in America. The aim of this work was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of Ocotea caudata collected from Colombia. The chemical composition of the oil was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being described for the first time. Thirty nine compounds (corresponding to 92.7 percent of the oil) were identified. The major constituents were germacrene D (55.8 percent), bicyclogermacrene (8.0 percent), beta-caryophyllene (4.6 percent) and beta-bourbonene (2.3 percent). Also the antibacterial activity of the oil was evaluated against two Gram (+) and two Gram (-) bacteria showing that the oil exhibited moderated activity against Gram (+) bacteria.

Resumen: Ocotea es un género perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae, que contiene cerca de 56 especies, distribuidas en Asia, Africa yprincipalmente América. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de Ocoteacaudata colectadas en Colombia. La composición química del aceite fue determinada por cromatografía de gases–espectrometría de masas(GC-MS), siendo descrita por primera vez. Se identificaron treinta y nueve compuestos (correspondientes al 92.7% del aceite). Loscomponentes mayoritarios fueron germacreno D (55.8%), biciclogermacreno (8.0%), β-cariofileno (4.6%) y β-bourboneno (2.3%). Tambiénse evaluó la actividad antibacteriana del aceite frente a dos bacterias Gram (+) y dos Gram (-) encontrándose que el aceite presentómoderada actividad contra las bacterias Gram (+).

In vitro antioxidant, antitumor and leishmanicidal activity of riparin A, an analog of the Amazon alkamides from Aniba riparia (Lauraceae) / Atividade antioxidante, antitumoral e leishmanicida in vitro da riparina A, um análogo das alcamidas amazônicas de Aniba riparia (Lauraceae)

Aniba riparia (Lauraceae) is an important medicinal plant found in the Amazon region and presents alkaloids of the type alkamide known as riparins. Riparin A is structurally represented as the fundamental core of all Amazon riparins. This work aimed to assess the in vitro antioxidant, antitumor and antileishmanial effects of riparin A. Riparin A presented weak antioxidant capacity by tecniques of DPPH• (EC50 of 296.2 μg mL-1) and ABTS•+ (EC50 of 450.1 μg mL-1), showed moderate activity against colon carcinoma (HCT-116: IC50 of 21.7 μg mL-1) and leishmanicidal activity on promastigotes of L. amazonensis (IC50 of 307.0 ± 79.6, 193.7 ± 44.3 and 81.8 ± 11.2 μg mL-1, respectively, after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation). Then, in addition to its structural simplicity, riparin A revealed promising biological activities and remarkable in vitro leishmanicidal action, an important result in epidemiological point of view to control leishmaniasis in Brazil, including in the Amazon region.

Aniba riparia (Lauraceae) é uma importante planta medicinal encontrada na região amazônica que apresenta alcaloides do tipo alcamida e conhecidos como riparinas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes, antitumorais e leishmanicidas in vitro da riparina A. Riparina A apresentou fraca capacidade antioxidante pelas técnicas do DPPH• (CE50 de 296,2 μg mL-1) e ABTS•+ (CE50 de 450,1 μg mL-1), mostrou moderada atividade contra carcinoma de cólon (HCT-116: CI50 de 21,7 μg mL-1) e atividade leishmanicida sobre formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis (CI50 de 307,0 ± 79,6; 193,7 ± 44,3 e 81,8 ± 11,2 μg mL-1, respectivamente, após 24, 48 e 72 h de incubação). Assim, além de sua simplicidade estrutural, a riparina A revelou atividades biológicas promissoras e significativa ação leishmanicida in vitro, resultado importante diante da relevância epidemiológica para controle da leishmaniose no Brasil, inclusive na região amazônica.

Effect of (+)-dehydrofukinone on GABAA receptors and stress response in fish model

(+)-Dehydrofukinone (DHF) is a major component of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (Lauraceae), and exerts a depressant effect on the central nervous system of fish. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying DHF action remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the action of DHF on GABAA receptors using a silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) model. Additionally, we investigated the effect of DHF exposure on stress-induced cortisol modulation. Chemical identification was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and purity was evaluated using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. To an aquarium, we applied between 2.5 and 50 mg/L DHF diluted in ethanol, in combination with 42.7 mg/L diazepam. DHF within the range of 10-20 mg/L acted collaboratively in combination with diazepam, but the sedative action of DHF was reversed by 3 mg/L flumazenil. Additionally, fish exposed for 24 h to 2.5-20 mg/L DHF showed no side effects and there was sustained sedation during the first 12 h of drug exposure with 10-20 mg/L DHF. DHF pretreatment did not increase plasma cortisol levels in fish subjected to a stress protocol. Moreover, the stress-induced cortisol peak was absent following pretreatment with 20 mg/L DHF. DHF proved to be a relatively safe sedative or anesthetic, which interacts with GABAergic and cortisol pathways in fish.

Genus Nectandra: phytochemistry and biological activity / Género Nectandra: fitoquímica y actividad biológica

The genus Nectandra belongs to the Ocotea complex and these species (Nectandra) are generally trees. It is considered endemic in the Neotropics. This genus has been reported uses in folk medicine as antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, analgesic, treatment of ulcers, and febrifuge, among others; have also been reported some biological activity assays including: antitumor and antimalarial activity, activity against cardiovascular disease, among others. The genus Nectandra contains different secondary metabolites and they have been reported: Alkaloids; such as aporfinic, proaporfin, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and morfinandienone-type; lignans and neolignans, furofuran, benzofuran, tetrahydrofuran and dihydrofuran, and 3,3-neolignans-type; terpenes and sesquiterpenoid (monocyclic and bicyclic); Phytosterols and derived from those (3-hydroxy and the 3-ketone pentacyclic compounds); flavonoids, particularly O- glycosylated; xanthones, phenolic acids, polyalcohol, and alkene-alkyne, especially rubrenolide and rubrynolide.

El género Nectandra pertenece al complejo Ocotea y estas especies (Nectandra) son por lo general árboles. Se considera endémica en el Neotrópico. Este género se ha informado de usos en medicina popular como antifúngico, anti-inflamatorio, antimalárico, analgésico, el tratamiento de las úlceras, y febrífugo, entre otros; También se han informado de algunos ensayos de actividad biológica, incluyendo: antitumoral y actividad antipalúdica, actividad contra las enfermedades cardiovasculares, entre otros. El género Nectandra contiene diferentes metabolitos secundarios y se han reportado alcaloides; tales como aporfinas, proaporfina, benzylisoquinolina, y del tipo morfinandienona; lignanos y neolignanos, furofuran, benzofurano, tetrahidrofurano y dihidrofurano, y del tipo 3,3-neolignanos; terpenos y sesquiterpenoide (monocíclicos y bicíclicos); Los fitoesteroles se derivan de aquellos (3-hidroxi y los compuestos pentacíclicos 3-cetona); flavonoides, particularmente O-glicosilada; xantonas, ácidos fenólicos, polialcohol, y alqueno-alquino, especialmente rubrenolide y rubrynolida.

Variabilidad de la composición química del aceite esencial de nectandra megapotamica (spreng. ) mez (lauraceae) / Variability of chemical composition of essential oil from nectandra megapotamica (spreng. ) mez (lauraceae)

Este trabajo describe la variabilidad química del aceite esencial (AE) de N. megapotamica, utilizando análisis multivariado. Se colectaron hojas de tres individuos en una población en Santa Maria, Brasil, en cada estación durante un año y se clasificaron en hojas jóvenes y viejas. Los AE se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación y la composición química fue determinada por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Se realizó un análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico para formación de grupos químicos (GQ) y análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para verificar cuáles constituyentes influenciaron la formación de grupos. Inicialmente se observaron dos agrupamientos en el dendrograma debido a concentraciones de α-pineno y biciclogermacreno, constituyentes mayoritarios. En el segundo corte se discriminaron cinco GQ, siendo este también el número de componentes principales con valores propios superiores a 1. Los isómeros de asarona se observaron solamente en el AE de dos individuos (GQ5), constituyendo los principales elementos de diferenciación.

This work describes the chemical variability of the essential oils (EO) of N. megapotamica using multivariate analysis. Leaves of three individuals of a population in Santa Maria-RS were collected per season for a year, and classified into young and old. The EO were obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Cluster analysis (HCA) were performed for formation of chemical groups (CG), and principal component analysis was done (PCA) to determine which constituents influenced the formation of groups. Initially, two clusters were observed in the dendrogram, due to the concentration of α-pinene and bicyclogermacrene, major constituents of the EO. The second section showed five different CG, which is also the number of principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1. The occurrence of isomers of asarone was observed only in EO of two individuals (CG5), containing the main elements of differentiation.

Propiedades insecticidas del polvo de Laurelia sempervirens L. para el control de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) / Insecticidal properties of Laurelia sempervirens powder to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) control

Sitophilus zeamais is a key pest of stored cereals. The insecticidal properties of Laurelia sempervirens powder against S. zeamais were assessed in laboratory. The variable evaluated were mortality of adult insects by contact and fumigant toxicity, mortality of immature insects by contact toxicity, residual effect of powder stored under environmental or refrigerated conditions, adult insect emergence (F1), repellency and weight reduction and germination of maize. The concentrations evaluated were 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 percent and the experimental design was completely randomly. In contact toxicity bioassay all treatments showed mortality over 90 percent while fumigant activity did not exceed 40 percent. The F1 only was registered in treatment of 0.25 percent and control showing all other treatments 0 percent. In immature control bioassay all treatments exhibited statistical differences with control. The storage of powder under refrigerated conditions not improved the residual effect. All concentrations of powder assessed showed repellence. Germination and grain weight loss of maize seeds not showed significant differences with control. We concluded that L. sempervirens has promissory perspectives to stored grain pests control...

Sitophilus zeamais es plaga primaria de los cereales almacenados. Se evaluaron, en laboratorio, las propiedades insecticidas del polvo de follaje de Laurelia sempervirens para el control de S. zeamais. Las variables evaluadas fueron mortalidad por contacto y fumigante de insectos adultos, toxicidad por contacto sobre estados inmaduros, efecto residual del polvo almacenado en condiciones ambientales y de refrigeración, emergencia de insectos adultos (F1), repelencia y pérdida de peso y germinación del maíz. Las concentraciones evaluadas fueron 0; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 y 4,0 por ciento y el diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. En el bioensayo de toxicidad por contacto todos los tratamientos mostraron una mortalidad sobre el 90 por ciento, mientras que la actividad como fumigante no superó el 40 por ciento. La F1 sólo se registró en el tratamiento de 0,25 por ciento y en el testigo mostrando todos los otros tratamientos 0 por ciento. En el bioensayo de control de estados inmaduros todos los tratamientos exhibieron diferencias significativas con el testigo. El almacenamiento del polvo en condiciones de refrigeración no mejoró el efecto residual. Todas las concentraciones de polvo evaluadas registraron efecto repelente. La germinación y pérdida de peso de las semillas de maíz no mostraron diferencias significativas con el testigo. Se concluye que L. sempervirens tiene perspectivas promisorias para el control de plagas de los granos almacenados...

Composição de óleos essenciais de Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba e Pleurothyrium vasquezii, quatro espécies amazônicas da família Lauraceae / Composición de aceites esenciales de Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba y Pleurothyrium vasquezii, cuatro especies de Lauraceae de amazónia / Você quis dizer: Composição de óleos essenciais de Dicypellium manauense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba e Pleurothyrium vasquezii, quatro espécies amazônicas da família Lauraceae Composition of essential oils manausense Dicypellium, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus Itauba and Pleurothyrium vasquezii four Amazonian species of the Lauraceae family

Essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba and Pleurothyrium vasquezii collected at the Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus, Brazil) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by CG-FID and GC-MS. Essential oil yields ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 percent (w/w of dry material). The major components were beta-caryophyllene in the leaves of D. manausense (39.5 percent), leaves and branches of M. duckei (32.6 and 18.4 percent, respectively) and branches of M. itauba (51.8 percent); and germacrene D in the leaves of D. manausense (6.7 percent), branches of M. itauba (9.1 percent) and leaves and branches of P. vasquezii (15.6 and 8.0 percent, respectively). This paper describes for the first time the composition of these essential oils.

Os óleos essenciais obtidos das partes aéreas de Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba e Pleurothyrium vasquezii coletadas na Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus, Brasil) foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados por CG-DIC e CG-EM. Os rendimentos dos óleos variaram de 0,1 a 0,2 por cento (m/m de material seco). Os principais componentes foram beta-cariofileno nas folhas de D. manausense (39,5 por cento), folhas e galhos de M. duckei (32,6 e 18,4 por cento, respectivamente) e galhos de M. itauba (51,8 por cento) e germacreno D na folhas de D. manausense (6,7 por cento), galhos de M. itauba (9,1 por cento) e folhas e galhos de P. vasquezii (15,6 e 8,0 por cento, respectivamente). Este trabalho descreve pela primeira vez a composição desses óleos.

In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of naturally-occurring compounds from two Lauraceae plants

The in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of seven known lignans and one dihydrochalcone isolated from the leaves of two Lauraceae species (Pleurothyrium cinereum and Ocotea macrophylla), were evaluated through the inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX and the aggregation of rabbit platelets induced by PAF, AA and ADP. (+)-de-4"-O--methylmagnolin 4 was found to be a potent COX-2/5-LOX dual inhibitor and PAF-antagonist (COX-2 IC50 2.27 µM; 5-LOX IC50 5.05 µM; PAF IC50 2.51 µM). However, all compounds exhibited an activity at different levels, indicating good anti-inflammatory properties to be considered in further structural optimization studies.

Os efeitos anti-inflamatórios in vitro de sete conhecidos lignanos e uma dihidrocalcona isolados das folhas de duas espécies da família Lauraceae (Pleurothyrium cinereum e Ocotea macrophylla) foram avaliados por meio da inibição da COX1, COX-2, 5-LOX e agregação de plaquetas de coelhos induzida por PAF, AA e ADP. A (+)-4"-O-metilmagnolina-4 foi encontrada como mais potente inibidora tanto da COX-2 quanto de 5-LOX e antagonista de PAF (COX-2 IC50 2,27 µM; 5- LOX IC50 5,05 µM; PAF IC50 2,51 µM). Entretanto, todos compostos mostram uma atividade em intensidades diferentes, indicando boas propriedades anti-inflamátorias a serem consideradas para futuros estudos de modificações e otimização estruturais.

Composição química e atividade biológica dos óleos essenciais das folhas e caules de Rhodostemonodaphne parvifolia Madriñán (Lauraceae) / Composition and biology activity of essential oils from leaves and stems of Rhodostemonodaphne parvifolia Madriñán (Lauraceae)

Os óleos essenciais das folhas e caules de Rhodostemonodaphne parvifolia coletada na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama e espectrometria de massas. Treze constituintes foram identificados nas folhas, dos quais o ß-cariofileno foi o que apresentou maior percentual (41,30%). Nos caules foram identificados quinze compostos, com predominância dos sesquiterpenos ß-cariofileno (16,20%) e epi-cedrol (13,30%) e do monoterpeno linalol (15,40%). Os óleos foram analisados em ensaios químicos, de sequestro do radical livre DPPH, e enzimáticos, de inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Nos ensaios de sequestro de radicais livres, apesar de terem se mostrado ativos em ensaios qualitativos, os óleos essenciais apresentaram fraca atividade antioxidante no ensaio quantitativo (inativos em concentração inferior a 1.000 µg/mL). A inibição da acetilcolinesterase só foi observada nos óleos essenciais das folhas. A composição química e a atividade biológica destes óleos estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez neste trabalho.

The essential oils of leaves and stems of Rhodostemonodaphne parvifolia collected in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirteen components were identified in the leaf oil, of which ß-caryophyllene was the major (41.30%). Fifty components were identified in the stem oil, among them the sesquiterpenes ß-caryophyllene (16.20%) and epi-cedrol (13.30%), together with the monoterpene linalool (15.40%). The essential oils were analyzed at chemical, DPPH free radical scavenging; and enzymatic bioassays, acetylcholinesterase inhibition. At antioxidant DPPH assays, the oils showed to be active at the qualitative assay but only weakly active at quantitative test (inactive at concentration lower than 1,000 µg/mL). The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was detected only in leaves essential oils. This paper describes for the first time the composition of these essential oils and their biological activities.

GC-MS analysis and cardiovascular activity of the essential oil of Ocotea duckei / Análise CG-EM e atividade cardiovascular dos óleos essenciais de Ocotea duckei

The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of Ocotea duckei had their composition analyzed by GC-MS. The pharmacological activity of these oils was also evaluated showing significant cardiovascular effects. Forty-nine substances were identified, consisting of a complex mixture of monoterpenes (45 percent) and sesquiterpenes (55 percent). The fruits yielded (1.9 percent) more essential oil than the stems (1.0 percent), roots (0.8 percent) and leaves (0.7 percent). The main component in the oil of the leaves was trans-caryophyllene (60.54 percent), in the stem bark beta-eudesmol (27.51 percent) and in the fruits, dl-limonene (30.12 percent). The predominant essential oil component in the roots was elemol (24.31 percent). In non-anaesthetized normotensive rats, the essential oils from different parts of Ocotea duckei (leaves, fruits, stem and roots) induced significant (p < 0.05) hypotension followed by bradycardia.

O óleo essencial obtido da destilação por vapor de água das folhas, caule, raíz e frutos de Ocotea duckei teve sua composição química analisada através de CG-EM. A atividade farmacológica desses óleos também foi avaliada, mostrando significantes efeitos cardiovasculares. Quarenta e nove substâncias foram identificadas, constituída por uma mistura complexa de monoterpenos (45 por cento) e sesquiterpenos (55 por cento). Os frutos forneceram (1,9 por cento) mais óleo essencial do que os caules (1,0 por cento), raízes (0,8 por cento) e folhas (0,7 por cento). O principal componente encontrado nas folhas foi o trans-cariofileno (60,54 por cento), nas cascas do caule, beta-eudesmol (27,51 por cento) e nos frutos, dl-limoneno (30,12 por cento). O componente predominante do óleo essencial das raízes foi elemol (24,31 por cento). Em ratos normotensos, não anestesiados, o óleo essencial de diferentes partes de Ocotea duckei (folhas, frutos, caule e raiz) induziu significante (p < 0,05) hipotensão seguido de bradicardia.

The ingestión of a Nectandra membran cea extract changes the bioavailability of technetium-99m radiobiocomplex in rat organs

The radiobiocomplexes labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) have been widely used in nuclear medicine in single photon emission computed tomography and in basic research. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a Nectandra membran cea extract on the bioavailability of the sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTc0(4)) radiobiocomplex in rat organs. The animals were treated with a N. membran cea extract (30 mg/ ml), for 6 days. Na99mTc0(4) was injected, the organs were isolated and weighed, and the radioactivity was determined in each organ ( percentATI/organ). The percentATI/organ was divided by the mass of each organ to calculate the percentATI/g. A significant increase of the percentATI/organ of Na99mTc0(4) was observed in muscle and thyroid as well as in the percentATI/g in the heart, kidney and thyroid. These findings could result from the interaction between components of the plant extract and the radiobiocomplex which may influence the uptake Na99mTc0(4) in rat organs. Therefore, precaution is suggested in the interpretation of nuclear medicine results in patients using this herb.

Phytopesticidal and repellent efficacy of Litsea salicifolia (Lauraceae) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.

Litsea salicifolia is one of the many plants used as phytopesticide, traditionally by various tribes of Assam. Of the five extracts of L. salicifolia tested for the bioactivity against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, the aqueous extract was more effective compared to other extracts exhibiting bioactivity at 72 ppm against A. aegypti. The hexane extract (2000 ppm) exhibited 70% repellent activity for 3 hr against A. aegypti and 46% activity for 3 hr against C. quinquefasciatus. This is the first report on the insecticidal properties of L. salicifolia which can be further developed as an eco-friendly biopesticides of the future.

Avaliação da Qualidade do louro (Laurus nobilis l.) comercializado em Florianópolis, SC / An evaluation of louro (Lauros nobilis l.) quality ofered at Florianópolis (SC) Marrkets

Realizou-se a análise microscópica e a inspeção da rotulagem de amostras de louro (Laurus nobilis L.) em folhas inteiras e moído, comercializado em Florianópolis, SC, seguindo-se as técnicas recomendadas pela Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1994; Menezes, 1949 e Oliveira et al, 1991. Das nove (9) amostras de oito (8) marcas diferentes encontradas emsupermercados e farmácias, três (3) amostras (33,33por cento) estavam de acordo com a legislação específica, Decreto-lei n.986 de 12.10.69 e Resolução n. 12/78 da CNNPA,quanto a rotulagem e características microscópicas.Seis (6) amostras (66,67por cento) estavam em desacordo com alegislação pois apresentaram ausência de endereço (2 amostras), fragmentos de inseto (2 amostras), elementos histológicos estranhos (2 amostras) e fungos (1 amostra)....